Shen Congwen ,the great literary figure, was 67 years old when he was sent down to the Cadre School in Xianning city at the end of 1969. His wife ,Zhang Zhao, went ahead with peers of the newsroom and then lived in Lake Xiangyang few months ago. Mr. Shen was temporarily housed in the headquarter of "452 highlands" for some time. Then he was transferred to Shuangxi Bridge Town , 50 miles away from Lake Xiangyang ,because he couldn’t stand the demanding physical labor for his heart disease and high blood pressure.
一代文学大师沈从文于1969年底下放到咸宁干校时,已经67岁。几个月前,夫人张兆和随《人民文学》编辑部的同行先行一步,住在向阳湖。沈老在“四五二高地”的一干校指挥部临时安置了一些时,因患心脏病,又有高血压,受不了高强度劳动,校部便把他转到离向阳湖50里地的双溪。
▲沈从文全家在咸宁双溪
The whole family of Shen Congwen at Shuangxi Town of Xianning City
Shen Congwen was said to be a "reactionary academic authority" at the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", who was working in the Chinese History Museum. He was denounced and punished to sweep the women's restroom. Two of his three rooms in Dongtangzi Hutong (also meaning alleys) was crowded out; his home was confiscated eight times to have some of the manuscripts and books, cultural relics looted and destroyed,and some, which were piled up in the yard ,sold for its weight .He was mobilized to go down to countryside three years later(in fact, "exercised a cunning"). And only three types of employees such as the sick, the old, and the maimed actually settled down in the Cadre School of Xianning city, so initially there was even no attribution group for them. After "migrating" to Shuangxi, Shen congwen moved around as many as six times. At the beginning, He transiently lived in a dark and damp attic in the district committee, and then moved into a classroom made of mud with paper mache walls in an elementary school , and later was sent away to the medical clinic with no one around in the remote countryside ......
“文革”开始,在中国历史博物馆工作的沈从文被说成是“反动学术权威”,被批斗,被罚扫女厕所。他在东堂子胡同的三间住房,被人挤占两间;家8次被抄,书稿图籍、文物什物有的被掠走,被毁掉,有的堆在院里,只好论斤卖掉。3年后,沈从文被动员(实际上是“连哄带骗”)下放,而单位第一批真正落户到咸宁干校的只有老、弱、病三户职工,所以最初连个组织归属都没有。 “移居”双溪后,光搬家就达6次之多。开始临时住在区委的一间阴暗潮湿的阁楼里,接着又搬进一所小学纸糊墙的泥巴房教室,后来再被打发到四居无人的偏僻乡村医务所……
▲沈从文和双溪老乡
Shen Congwen and local folks at Shuangxi
独在异乡为异客,环境的难适应自不必说,好在他对大自然有一种特殊的亲近感,能够随遇而安。更有甚者,还竟然萌发了“久违”的诗兴。“空将泽畔吟,寄尔江南管。”1970年9月22日,沈从文写信给向阳湖干校的老友萧乾:“这次在这么一种离奇不可设想狼狈情况下(全房地下只床下不湿)却十分从容写了好些诗,可能有几首还像是破个人纪录,也破近二十年总纪录的,你想想,多有意思!人的适应力真是不可设想的……既然让我好好活下来,总还得尽可能想出点办法,做点有益于后人的事才合理!因为有限生命重要是把还有益有用的知识支出,而不是什么经济名位收入。”于是,他提笔感赋旧体诗《喜新晴》和《双溪大雪》,并留下了一组《云梦杂咏》,“在山沟里仍探索新诗道路”(萧乾语)。
As a lonely stranger stayed in an unfamiliar land,it’s needless to say about the difficulty to adapt to the new environment. However, it’s good that he was content to stay with a special sense of affinity for nature . What's more, he even got the idea for making poems that have been long lost. "I will imitate writing Qu Yuan's Zebian Yin (Zepan Yin represents works written when an official was banished and became disillusioned), and send the work to you with the soundtrack of folk music of Changjiang or Yangtze river to see if it's good enough to chant." On September 22,1970, Shen Congwen wrote to his old friend Xiao Qian who was laboring in the Cadre School of Lake Xiangyang : "I calmly wrote a number of poems under such a bizarre and unimaginably woeful situation (the whole room was wet except the ground under the bed ). Think about it ! It’s so interesting that there may be a few to break my personal record and also break the total record in the last two decades. Humans were incredibly adaptable ...... since I am allowed to survive, it is reasonable for me to come up with some ways to do something beneficial to future generations ! Because life is brief ,it is important to be employed in spreading and making use of useful and beneficial knowledge rather than fame and wealth." So, he raised the pen to write down classical Chinese poetry "Happy New Sunny" and "Heavy Snow In Shuangxi ", and left a set of " Yun-meng Lakes’ Miscellaneous Chants ", in the ravine he still explored the road of new poems"(From Xiao Qian ). What deserved to be mentioned was that Shen Congwen never forgot the trust of the beloved Premier Zhou. In 1964, Premier Zhou Enlai felt that the great nation of China did not have a book reflecting the historical costumes of the long history culture. And he instructed Qi Yanming, then Vice Minister of the Ministry of Culture, to give this assignment to Shen Congwen. After only one year, he and his assistants completed the "pilot book". Unfortunately, this book in the later review process was regarded as a poisonous weed "advocating hierarchy,and promoting the romance between gifted scholars and beautiful ladies" , which was put into the "cold palace( cold palace means being put aside or abandoned). However Shen Congwen was a person who felt boring without work. In the days of the Cadre School, he literally added and enriched “The Study of Ancient Chinese Dress”from memory when guarding the tea plantation and feeding the pigs. He supplemented the material up to six-or seven-million-chinese-character for this brilliant tome under burdens by the spirit of tenacity and perseverance owned by Xiangxi people .
最值得一提的是,在双溪,沈从文始终没有忘记敬爱的周总理的嘱托。那是1964年,周恩来总理有感于中华泱泱大国竟没有一本反映悠久文化的历史服饰的书籍,指示当时的文化部副部长齐燕铭把这个任务交给了沈从文。时隔仅一年,他和助手们就完成了“试点本”。可惜此书在后来的审校过程中竟成了“鼓吹帝王将相,提倡才子佳人”的大毒草,被打入“冷宫”。而沈从文是一个没有工作就感到无聊的人,干校岁月,他看茶园、当猪倌之余,硬是凭着记忆增写、充实《中国古代服饰研究》。他以湘西人的坚韧与执着,负重实干,为这部煌煌巨著缀补材料达六七万字之多。
▲张兆和在家中(李城外摄)
Zhang Zhaohe at home
(photographed by Li Chengwai)
The path of literature is bitter, and love is also sour. Shen Congwen, who had never been able to take care of himself, missed his wife working at Xiangyang Lake even more. And he wrote in a home letter to Zhang Zhaohua:"What I think of is that you and your comrades in the fifth company have been working together for more than ten years. As you know “one thousand strangers is not as good as a friend.” We can know each other’s strengths as friends. Not only can we encourage and help each other for work ,but everything will go well without unnecessary tensions. Like, you can get the work consistent with the reality on the ground that your physical strength is limited by your age everyone knows over there. Here you don’t know anyone.Once the labor was split equally, I am afraid you cannot deal with it. Rather than coming here to being discomfiting in a strange mass, it’s better that I ask for moving to Xiangyang Lake through thick and thin with you as your kin in another half year when you can be allocated an apartment......" Shen Congwen, such a considerate person , was incapable of protecting himself. Once, he was sent to Xianning Hospital for treatment due to hypertension. Zhang Zhaohua was “officially approved”of taking more than one month off to look after him. He returned to Shuangxi after recovering. In August, Mr. and Mrs. Shen travelled thousands of miles to labor and live in Danjiang Branch of Xiangyang Lake Cadre School. At this time the old writer could not help but sigh: "I've spent half a century of my life floating around, and I'm grateful that I've survived this long.", which was recorded in “A Poem For My 70th Birthday” written in the quarry area in the deserted mountains......
文心诚良苦,爱情亦酸辛。一向不会理料生活的沈从文更加思念在向阳湖劳动的妻子,他在一封家书中这样对张兆和说:“我想到的是你和五连的同志共事已十多年,‘千生不如一熟’,人熟,长处明白,不仅工作在相互鼓励帮助下,容易搞得顺利,且不至于有不必要的磨擦,比如在那边,大家明白你体力受年龄限制,分派工作,能比较实事求是。这里大家陌生,工作若一律拉平,你怕担负不下,所以我主观地想,与其让你来一陌生群众中为难,还不如再过半年下去,到你可分配房子时,我作为你家属,请求来向阳,同分苦乐,好一些……”如此体贴人的沈从文却无能保护好自己。一次,他终因高血压病发,被送到咸宁医院治疗,张兆和这才被“恩准”请假照看了一个多月,他康复后又重返双溪。8月,沈从文夫妇又不远千里,转到向阳湖干校丹江分校劳动生活。此时的老作家不免叹息:“浮沉半世纪,生存亦偶然”,在采石区荒山中写下了《拟咏怀诗七十生日感事》。
From this, it can be seen that in the days of reform-through-labor in the Cadre School, Shen still insisted on writing poems, letters, books, and did a lot of "literary things". He had a habit of writing that he would like to write down at once whatever came into his mind. He even could write articles on a newspaper or an old envelope. Therefore it is hard to organize and preserve many manuscripts,over which Chinese characters are small and scribbled. The publication of the 32 volumes of “The Complete Works of Shen Congwen”in 2002 including those manuscripts is a welcome and fortune for literary world!
由此可见,在干校劳动改造的日子里,沈从文仍然坚持写诗、写信、著书,干了不少“文事”。他写作有个习惯,想到就写,拿张报纸或者一个旧信封就可以在上面作文章,因此许多手稿较为潦草,字又小,不便整理和保存。可喜的是,2002年出版的皇皇32卷《沈从文全集》已将这些文字全部收入,这实在是文坛之幸!